Macroeconomics in US Free Essays

US Economy is a blended economy where the private area assumes a significant job in monetary movement and the job of government is negligible contrasted with other industrialized nations like Great Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Netherlands, Scandinavian Countries and East European nations. Anyway after the Great wretchedness in1930’s the legislature at any rate utilized money related and financial approach to accomplish the macroeconomic destinations of full-work, value strength Outer equalization and non-inflationary financial development. Anyway the dependence on the above macroeconomic approach fluctuated starting with one organization then onto the next after world war II also the direction towards financial and money related arrangement to control or settle the economy or at the end of the day there is debate among business analyst whether the monetary and fiscal strategy will really work practically speaking and to the degree to its adequacy in balancing out the economy or whether these strategies might be counter gainful to the market economies and the reasons for financial cycles and clarification of the reasons for the incredible melancholy in any event among US business analyst or among business analyst as a rule. We will compose a custom paper test on Macroeconomics in US or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Anyway even with these discussions and contrasting points of view how the financial factors relate and the varying certainty of market components to come to harmony at full business if the market is permitted to work with no impedance the fiscal specialists mediate in the economy to address advertise disappointment and different externalities or for some political and government assistance reasons. In this setting it is important to consider the viability of these strategies with regards to exact proof and give dueâ consideration of the basic or institutional system and the economic situations especially the work economic situations in US in merchandise advertises just as in the money related market structure and operations inside the setting of worldwide financial interdependencies between economies in the contemporary monetary atmosphere just as how the operators respond or structure assumption regarding swelling just as the political objectives impacting strategy direction in US. In macroeconomic approach advancement with regards to the US political institutional structure and political procedure just as the likelihood of monetary stuns and political stuns in different parts and how these influences the event ofâ instability in financial execution and the current worries of natural issues and the expense and benefits and the effect of guideline fair and square of financial movement and the pace of monetary development vacillation and its consistency or vulnerability in guaging monetary viewpoint for short, medium term . Too the expense of oil and the political shakiness in the center east and how the vitality issue is tended to in US by the market component will influence the financial presentation in a macroeconomic point of view for US later on and the significance or other insightful of macroeconomic arrangements or the status of macroeconomics as a rule rather than neoclassical financial matters or microeconomics establishment or neoclassical monetarist viewpoints and less inclination to monetary approaches and smaller scale monetary change or gracefully side financial aspects and insignificant impedance by government in the market activity. The adequacy of Fiscal and Monetary arrangement in US In setting of US financial framework and the adaptability of business sectors to reacts to changes sought after and gracefully and other monetary data especially the work advertise adaptability in the US contrasted with other industrialized nations and truly less inclination of financial specialists for government to be meddle in the market and in its political organizations recommends that balanced desire hypothesis might be for the most part material to US and there front the viability of Fiscal and money related strategy might be less powerful in US contrasted with other industrialized nations and microeconomic change polices and neoclassical fiscal hypothesis might be generally relevant in the US setting. Anyway the desire arrangement in all actuality isn't totally discerning and adjustment may likewise be not balanced totally and there front at any rate in transient fiscal strategy might be viable in controlling the pace of expansion with regards to US economy and keep the swelling objective at ideal level. By and by the money related and financial approach has delay to work by and by and there front in the event that they are utilized to balance out the economy in view of the delay it takes to work it might expand the repeating blast bust example of monetary turn of events and there front free its validity especially the optional monetary and fiscal arrangement in lessening joblessness or controlling expansion. Or on the other hand it might be accomplishing low joblessness at a high pace of swelling or low expansion at a significant level ofâ unemployment for the time being and in long haul the economy will move towards the first level on account of the market joins all desire normally and moves toâ the non-quickened Inflation pace of joblessness (NAIRU) too adaptability in the work market positively due to less rigid guideline of work advertise in US contrasted with state for instance Germany or other propelled European economies. Anyway financial, and money related arrangement has worked in present moment in setting of high joblessness at any rate after the extraordinary melancholy for quite a while in the 1990’s and still has a task to carry out at any rate to control swelling and reaction to inflationary stuns by fiscal strategy. In synopsis given the experimental proof and the market attributes of US and the Institutional casing work strategically and socially the macroeconomic polices viability proposes practically speaking to be less compelling in US setting. End As talked about above in US Macroeconomics is considered at any rate as far as its helpfulness somewhat accomplish its macroeconomic targets. Anyway the adequacy of such arrangements and the discussion among business analysts with respect to exchange â€off between monetary factors and its connections in US setting diminishes its significance and move towards to microeconomic establishments of Says Low or neo macroeconomic establishments and a long way from Keynesian Economics of monetary strategy especially the optional monetary approach and shortfall financing to decrease joblessness in light of market disappointment. This somewhat because of Friedman financial insurgency in US andâ cased question about the inflationary results of monetary approach and swarming out impact and its effect on premium rodent and its impact on venture level and there front not expanding yield and business level however on costs. Furthermore as examined above because of the political institutional structure and desire arrangement in US the macroeconomicâ foundations are quarrelsome in US. Moreover the adaptability of work showcase and different markets in US proposes that market may work a contrary way to invalidate the effect of these approaches on full scale monetary factors, for example, business level and expansion and builds the selection of microeconomic change and flexibly side financial matters to address financial development, joblessness, value soundness and outside parity as opposed to just depending on macroeconomic arrangements and macroeconomic speculations which has numerous discussions and various strategy remedies to address any macroeconomic target and the exchange off between these goals and the connections between monetary factors. Given the macroeconomic information how an economy functions is fragmented and its predicts are a long way from certain. There enemy given the contentions and the conversation it tends to be said macroeconomics in US has a task to carry out in detailing polices later on anyway given the functional issues of macroeconomic strategy viability miniaturized scale establishments of economy may get significant later on in setting of US economic situations and adaptability just as how desires are framed and adjustments of desires practically speaking and political institutional and political direction towards a free market point of view. Catalog Brayton. F, Mauskpf. E, Reifschneider. D, Tinsley. P, Williams. J. (1997). The Role of Expectations in FRB/US macroeconomic model. Central bank Bulletin. Recovered March, 2, 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4126/is_n4_v83/ai_19405190 Central Bank of San Francisco. (1997). What is the Optimal Rate of Inflation?. Central Bank of San Francisco. Reteived walk 2, 2007, from http://www.frbsf.org/econrsrch/wklyltr/el97-27.html Financial and money related strategy †examinations (n.d). Recovered March 2, 2007, from http://www.tutor2u.net/financial aspects/content/subjects/fiscalpolicy/fiscal_monetary_comparison.htm Palley. T. (1998). Zero isn't the Optimal pace of Inflation. Challenge, 41, 1, Retrieved March 2, 2007, from http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5001329648 Roach.S. (2006). Worldwide economy, Chinese monetary approach, US hosing droop, Money Week. Recovered March 2, 2007, from http://www.moneyweek.com/document/21503/the-two-key-issues-confronting the-worldwide economy.html Step by step instructions to refer to Macroeconomics in US, Essay models

Life After Author and Title Initailly Starting in Para Samples in Essay

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Quantitative report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Quantitative report - Essay Example Regardless of the way that Brisbane is a state capital, the chronicled foundation of the territory expresses that it’s no lesser than a huge town of the nation situated on the northern pieces of Australia. Prior the spot was known for its parochialism in the social and political settings. Anyway in the late 80’s, after the retirement of Bjelke-Petersen, Brisbane strolled on the way of modernization. Today the spot is known to have a developing metropolitan mood with creating ventures and a promising social condition, joined by clog and a creating property advertise. Inspiration Factors to Attend Event In request to investigate the genuine inspiration of individuals for going to the melodic occasion held in Brisbane, a nearby finished example survey was flowed arbitrarily to around 100 individuals that had gone to the occasion. The survey was developed in order to reflect commonsense reason that spurs a person to go to such occasion. The reactions of individuals were giv en as contribution to measurable examination and it was discovered that the three most inspiring variables for tourists’ to such occasions are Known-bunch socialization, Cultural experience and Intention. These outcomes are gotten from t-test result esteems where the p-estimations of these factors were seen as exceptionally low suggesting high certainty level and unwavering quality. Then again, the essential celebration inspiration for most melodic occasions comprise of different components like raising assets, spreading a message, advancement of a crusade, rivalry, etc. Simultaneously the crowds goes to the occasion with a few thought processes like delight (Intention), getting the organization of companions (Socialization), having an inclination for the entertainer or just on the grounds that they love music (Culture). Therefore, clearly a spot as urbanized as Brisbane would draw in a great deal of vacationer. However the land area of the spot makes a lot of obstacle for in dividuals arrive at Brisbane since it’s arranged in the remote pieces of Australia. Subsequently the groups that perform here don't locate a rousing gathering of crowd. In this setting Joel Saunders of the â€Å"Ambitious Lovers† bunch states, â€Å"They don’t come up here in light of the fact that they don’t get great turn-outs. Had they come up here in the prime time of [venue] 610 and stuff, there just would have been children there for reasons unknown, which would have quite recently turned up there (Interview 1 May 2008)† (Rogers, 2008). The neighborhood groups of Brisbane anyway figure out how to accumulate few crowds which remains profoundly subject to the scene and day of the show. It was noted by Griffin that the cutting edge time of globalization is drawing the crowds from their nearby limits and putting them in a worldwide field where the different limitations are effectively survived (Brennan, 2007). Research Question On this premise th ree research questions can be encircled 1. How the segment profile of the crowd can influence their thought process towards going to the melodic occasion? The example survey was coursed among 100 arbitrarily chose people and when their reactions were examined it was discovered that the primary segment profile for going to music occasion in Brisbane comprises of individuals with age-gathering of 18 to 30 years. The consequence of measurable investigation shows that around 46 individuals out of 100 are in that age-bunch which is additionally overwhelmed by females. This is on the grounds that 52% of this 46 individuals in that age-grou

How Involved Should You Be In The College Decision

HomeSurviveParents teensHow Involved Should You (Parents) Be In The College Decision?This page may contain affiliate links.Oct 15, 2019PARENT STORY I vowed that I was never going to be a helicopter parent. I told my daughter that it was up to her to decide where she wanted to go to college, to just let us know and as long as we could afford it, she could go. That ended up irritating her no end, because she thought we didn’t care, in comparison to all the other parents who were writing college essays for their kids and driving around for college tours. It’s not that we didn’t care, it’s that we thought the whole part of being college age was starting to make your own decisions. You know, fly away from the nest. She chose the college she did more because she had an opportunity to play soccer there than anything else. (It was supposed to be a good school for what she wanted to major in.) But, I figured live and learn, and what I learned was that she hated it. This led to two and a half years of community college during which she lived at home (not quite getting away from the nest). And then another two years at the University of Virginia, which she had originally sworn she’d never attend because it was like going to school at home since it was so close to home (where, by the way, she also lived for another two years). So she ends up going to school for around five years and she doesn’t get to major in anything she really wants to, because transfer students aren’t eligible for certain classes, all of which winds up with her majoring in anthropology. And, no, she doesn’t want to be an anthropologist. What she wants to be is in the medical profession. So now we’re shelling out some $50,000 for her to attend some accelerated program that gets her an RN and BSN at the same time (and, yes, apparently there is such a thing as having a Bachelor’s degree from two different schools). Maybe life would have been less difficult (and less expensive) if we had been more involved in the initial decision-making process. Then again, maybe I would have made it worse: I might have encouraged her to follow in the steps of her old man and be an English major. Then we’d be supporting her forever. Dave, WV ________ EXPERT INSIGHTS Anna Seltz is a private college counselor and owner of Higher Ed U, College Admissions Consulting. She has the following thoughts on Dave’s experience with his daughter: In my 14 years of working with students, both in college admissions as well as in my role as an independent educational consultant, I have seen all levels of parental involvement in the college search and application process. What I think Dave’s experience shows is that the extremes do not work. Neither helicoptering nor a completely hands-off approach is the right attitude. Like so many things in life, moderation is the key to success. Parents should start talking early (think the start of 9th grade) with their student about the college application process in a fun, low-stress way. Let the student know from the beginning that this process is a partnership and that the student will be the guiding force behind finding the final college that is the right fit for them. Being involved does not have to mean being a helicopter parent. It does mean that you are there as a support to help them make the biggest decision of their young lives. Go through the process with them and in the end, evaluate the pros and cons of each school to help them make their final choice. Road2College Debbie Schwartz is former financial services executive and founder of Road2College and the Paying For College 101 Facebook group. She's dedicated to providing families with trustworthy information about college admissions and paying for college. With data, tools and access to experts she's helping families become educated consumers of higher ed. View all posts CATEGORIES Parents teensSurvive TAGS College PlanningHelicopter parentingNEWER POSTColleges Say They Want Students With Passion, But What Does That Mean?OLDER POSTCollege Planning Presentation for My Home School Association

The Kite Runner Directed by Marc Forster - 819 Words

1. â€Å"The Kite Runner†, directed by Marc Forster, is a film that contains many elements; power, childhood, loyalty and bravery. These elements are highlighted in many ways through the use of camera angles, emotional audio, and both verbal and non-verbal communication. 2. Here, Hassan and Amir are discussing kite running, a sport which is very popular among the children in Kabul. It involves two people, one holding the kite spool, and the other controlling the movement of the kite. The idea of the sport is to take down the opponents kites, by cutting or slicing through the kite string. The strings are usually made of razor wire, to allow this. This scene shows Hassan’s absolute loyalty to Amir, and his complete faith in his ability,†¦show more content†¦This could be taken as a self-deprecating remark, or an accusatory jab at Amir and Baba, criticizing them for not providing him with something that could have increased his standing in the world. The medium close shot of Amir’s face as he reads this part shows his guilt about this, as well as his regret about not helping Hassan when he could and should have. His expression also demonstrates sadness over not only the loos of his childhood friend, but also the loss of the opport unity to appease his guilt. Amir’s clothes are symbolic in this scene because they show how he is used to living in America, and how he doesn’t belong in his home country anymore. The repetition of the colours blue and white return our thoughts to the themes of childhood and innocence, Amir wearing white symbolises his innocence and inexperience about what has been occurring in the country since heShow MoreRelatedTurning Point In The Kite Runner1568 Words   |  7 PagesMarc Forster’s The Kite Runner is a 2007 American drama film based on the novel of the same name by Khalid Hosseini. Marc Forster is Film Director, screenwriter and producer. Of the several films directed by Forster, his breakthrough film; Monsters Ball (2001), received several oscar nominations including Best Picture. The Kite Runner beautifully depicts the friendship between Amir and Hassan, and portrays the raw turning point in their friendship which will forever change the both of them. TheRead MoreThe Kite Runner: Forgiveness, Loyalty, and the Quest for Redemption2381 Words   |  10 PagesThe Kite Runner: Forgiveness, Loyalty, and the Quest for Redemption Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner is an award-winning novel and considered one of today’s most popular, contemporary classics. The story is one of familiar themes such as loyalty, forgiveness, betrayal, love, and redemption. It follows the tale of Amir and how he must atone for his sins and find a way to â€Å"be good again† (Hosseini 2). The quintessential message of this book relies on the idea of second chances. Themes of redemption

Analysis Of The Dream By Langston Hughes - 905 Words

Poetry has been come out into society between the unhappy and happy times of human being and it will make friendships with humans until the end of the world. It is accurate; because prose and verses in every era also have their own specific characteristic. Prose, in the twentieth century, had an appearance of a famous versifier Langston Hughes, who was the main writer of literature movement of African American. There were many famous poems that were composed by him; and the â€Å"Dream† was one of his poems that manifested the strong conception of his type. The poet establishes intriguing repetition and strands that based on the comparison and the relationship between cause and effect that aids the emphasis on the significance of keeping dreams†¦show more content†¦Through this line, we can see an honest heart of the author that lighted up a love with life. The sentence is likely a confidential talk that wants to be pervasive in to every person, and every spatial, and send a message of person with the full experiment in life. The other sentence â€Å"For if dreams die or go† (Hughes, Dreams) also was repeated twice times in the poem. The words â€Å"die† and â€Å"go† have a same meaning that indicates the disappearance, is fragile, and loses easily. Two sentences remind people need to take a loving care of dream with careful way. Knowing to have a dream, however dream also need to have protection, does not mean hope, but making it become vain, or illusive. Moreover, these two sentences were repeated similar to the blues, one of musical types, that Hughes like listening. It presents the misery, but brought a positive hope and an unyielding personality of African people. In the next third and fourth line of verse â€Å"Life is a broken-winged bird† and â€Å"That cannot fly†, Hughes had used the comparative method to compare life with a bird. A bird can fly into the freedom firmament that is truly its life. The wings of the bird are an emblem for dreams and meditation that is also similar to the human who have right to dream and own the life. However, when the dream of people dies, it is same as with the bird without wings.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Dream By Langston Hughes1909 Words   |  8 Pagesunique way as well. The two pomes are about dreams, the first poem, Dream is about what could possibly happen if we let go of our dreams and don t purse them. The second poem, Harlem is about the possibilities of what could happen when we postpone our dreams. Both poems do not exactly end with a happy ending, for they show the regret that we will be left with, possibly even death. The poem Dream by Langston Hughes is about following your dreams, because we never know what our near futureRead MoreAn Analysis of Dreams Deferred by Langston Hughes685 Words   |  3 PagesImportance of Achieving Dreams It is true that people often dream widely and unrealistically. But some people dream about basic human rights such as dignity, freedom, liberty, equal rights, and access to education. Socio-economic and political conditions sometimes put people in dire situations where they do not have access to such fundamental human needs. For such people, achieving their dreams is especially important, as the shattering of their dreams may lead to the shattering of their lives altogetherRead MoreEssay about Analysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes615 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Dreams are the driving force of America today. Every person has some sort of dreams and or goals. Although in life everyone has dreams and goals, there are obviously more struggles for some ethnic groups than for others. The poem, Dream Deferred, by Langston Hughes, is one mans expression of his dreams during a difficult time period. As a black man in a time period where African-Americans were considered an inferior group of peopleRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Langston Hughes s The American Dream 3454 Words   |  14 Pagesovert racial prejudice, Langston Hughes was all too familiar with the double consciousness that came with life as an American minority. This roller coaster is the subject of the vast majority of his literary work and has continued to be a major presence and inspiration for literary work everywhere today. Hughes shows a deep loyalty to the ideals that brought the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights into fruition and, through repeated motifs of the American Dream, seeks to bring aboutRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Langston Hughes s The American Dream 3454 Words   |  14 Pagesovert racial prejudice, Langston Hughes was all too familiar with the double consciousness that came with life as an American minority. This roller coaster is the subject of the vast majority of his literary work and has continued to be a major presence and inspiration for literary work everywhere today. Hughes shows a deep loyalty to the ideals that brought the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights into fruition and, through repeated motifs of the American Dream, seeks to bring aboutRead MoreAnalysis of Dream Deferred by Langston Hughes Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesDream Deferred A dream is a goal in life, not just dreams experienced during sleep. Most people use their dreams as a way of setting future goals for themselves. Dreams can help to assist people in getting further in life because it becomes a personal accomplishment. Langston Hughess poem Dream Deferred is speaks about what happens to dreams when they are put on hold. The poem leaves it up to the reader to decide what dream is being questioned. In the opening of the poem the speaker usesRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes And His Harlem Dream1639 Words   |  7 PagesLangston Hughes and His Harlem Dream The 1900s found many African Americans migrating from the south to north of the United States in an event called the Great Migration. Many Southern African-Americans migrated to a place called Harlem and this is where the Harlem renaissance originated from. The Harlem renaissance began just after the first world war and lasted into the early years of the great depression. Harlem became the cynosure for blues and jazz and birthed forth a Negro Artist era calledRead MoreAnalysis of Harlem by Langston Hughes602 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Harlem by Langston Hughes Through the turbulent decades of the 1920s through the 1960s many of the black Americans went through difficult hardships and found comfort only in dreaming. Those especially who lived in the ghettos of Harlem would dream about a better place for them, their families, and their futures. Langston Hughes discusses dreams and what they could do in one of his poems, Harlem. Hughes poem begins: What happens to a dream deferred... Hughes is askingRead MoreHarlem: a Dream Deferred1043 Words   |  5 PagesHarlem: A Dream Deferred Langston Hughes Literally Analysis Dreams are aspirations that we hope to reach on our lifetime. They are the day that gives us the drive to live our lives and accomplish our goals. When reaching our goals, we will do anything to get to our destination. But what happens when your dreams deferred and put on hold due to unseen circumstances? Or what do you so when someone tells you that you can not so the things you want to so because of the pigmentation of your skinRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Langston Hughess A Dream Deferred1028 Words   |  4 Pagescirculated, analysis of the poem must take place. It unveils and discusses the themes, figures of speech, word placement, and flow of the piece, and A Dream Deferred, is no exception. In Langston Hughess poem, A Dream Deferred, the theme is that no really knows to dreams if they are not reached, and very realistic figures of speech help convey this idea; the poem can be surprisingly related to Mr. Hughess life through the subtitle and quotes from Langston himself. The meaning of, A Dream Deferred

Parmalat free essay sample

How was it possible for Parmalat managers to â€Å"cook the books† and hide it for so long? Solution Parmalat was able to cook the books mainly due to the fact that Italy has a low level of accounting transparency. The story began in 1997, when Parmalat decided to become a global player and started a campaign of international acquisitions, especially in North and South America, financed through debt. Soon, Parmalat became the third largest cookie-maker in the United States. But such acquisitions, instead of bringing in profits, started, no later than 2001, to bring in red figures. Losing money on its productive activities, the company shifted more and more to the high-flying world of derivatives and other speculative enterprises. Parmalats founder and now former CEO Calisto Tanzi engaged the firm in several exotic enterprises, such as a tourism agency called Parmatour, and the purchase of the local soccer club Parma. Huge sums were poured into these two enterprises, which have been a loss from the very beginning. We will write a custom essay sample on Parmalat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It has been reported that Parmatour, now closed, has a loss of at least EU  2 billion, an incredibly high figure for a tourist agency. The losses of the Parma soccer club are not yet fully known. Here, Parma insiders are pointing at what they call the Medellin Cartel connection—i. e. , the purchase of overpriced Colombian soccer players, and other extravagances. While accumulating losses, and with debts to the banks, Parmalat started to build a network of offshore mail-box companies, which were used to conceal losses, through a mirror-game which made them appear as assets or liquidity, while the company started to issue bonds in order to collect money. The security for such bonds was provided by the alleged liquidity represented by the offshore schemes. The New York-based Zini lawfirm named by Robbins has played a role. Through Zini, firms owned by Parmalat have been sold to certain American citizens with Italian surnames, only to be purchased again by Parmalat later. The whole operation was fake. The money for the sale in the first place came from other entities owned by Parmalat, and it served only to create liquidity in the books. 2. Investigate and discuss the role that international banks and auditors might have played in Parmalat’s collapse. Solution Clearly, international banks and auditors failed to do the due diligence, hereby indirectly contributing to the failure of Parmalat. The largest bond placers have been Bank of America, Citicorp, and J. P. Morgan. These banks, like their European and Italian partners, rated Parmalat bonds as sound financial paper, when they knew, or should have known, that they were worth nothing. While Bank of America has participated as a partner in some of Parmalats acquisitions, Citicorp is alleged to have built up the fraudulent accounting system. What strikes one is not only the dimension of the scheme, but the arrogance of its authors. For instance, one of the offshore mail-box firms used to channel the liquidity coming from the bond sales was called Buconero, which means black hole! Appropriately, the first class-action suit in the United States on the Parmalat case, filed by the South Alaskan Miners Pension Fund, is against Parmalat, its auditors, Bank of America, and Citicorp—and focusses on Buconero. The Parmalat fraud has been mainly implemented in New York, with the active role of the Zini legal firm and of Citibank, said San Diego lawyer Darren Robbins, a partner in the firm Milberg Weiss Bershad Hynes Lerach, which is leading the class-action suit. We believe that Citigroup, by creating instruments like the sadly famous Buconero, has played a fundamental role in helping Parmalat to fake their balance sheets and hide their real financial situation. Former CEO Tanzi declared to prosecutors in Parma that the fraudulent bonds system was fully the banks idea. Parmalats former financial manager, Fausto Tonna, counterfeited Parmalats balance sheets in order to provide security for the bonds, but it was the banks which proposed it to Tonna, Tanzi declared. Tanzis version has been so far confirmed by Luciano Spilingardi, head of Cassa di Risparmio di Parma and member of the Parmalat board. Bond issues were ordered by the banks, Spilingardi said to prosecutors, according to leaks published in the daily La Repubblica. I remember, Spilingardi says, that one of the last issues, of 150 million euros, was presented to the board meeting as an explicit request by a foreign bank, which was ready to subscribe the entire bond. If I remember correctly, it was Deutsche Bank. Spilingardi says that he expressed perplexity about the proposal, because a previous bond issue of EU  600 million had failed, in the Spring of 2003, causing a 10% fall of Parmalat stocks in one day. But the request was accepted, and the last Parmalat bond, issued in summer 2003, made its way to the Cayman Islands black hole. At the moment of Parmalats default, in December 2003, the financial manager of Parmalat was no longer Tonna, who had left after the failed bond issue in the spring. He has been replaced by Alberto Ferraris, who comes from Citibank. In June 2003, before the last bond issue ordered by Deutsche Bank, Parmalats board gained a new member: Luca Sala, a top manager coming from Bank of America. On Dec. 9, as rumors spread that Parmalats claimed liquidity was not there, Standard Poors finally downgraded Parmalat bonds to junk status, and in the next few days, Parmalat stocks fell 40%. On Dec. 12, the Parmalat management somehow found the money to pay the bond, but on Dec. 19 came the end: Bank of America announced that an account with allegedly $3. 9 billion in liquidity, claimed by Parmalat at BoA, did not exist. In one shot, the bankruptcy was revealed, and Parmalat stocks fell an additional 66%. Later, Tonna would confess that he had faked BoA documents, using a scanner, scissors, and glue, to invent such a $3. 9 billion account, a version which is still the official one. 3. Study and Discuss Italy’s corporate governance regime and its role in the failure of Parmalat. Solution Italy has a weak corporate governance regime that does not provide a strong protection of outside shareholders. The majority of public firms are dominated by large controlling shareholders who are often the founding families. The lack of independent board of directors also contributed to the implosion of Parmalat. Q. What would you do if you were a manager? According to me, when businesses behave unethically, they act in ways that have a harmful effect on others and in ways that are morally unacceptable to the larger community. This is very serious because corporate power and impact are increasing as corporations become larger. In Parmalat case senior managers have engaged in improper bookkeeping, making company look more financially profitable than they actually are. As a consequence the stockholder value of the company increases, and anyone with stock profits irectly. Among those profiting will be those making the decisions to manipulate the accounts—and so there is a conflict of interest. However, the fallout from the downfall of Parmalat affected stockholders, employees, and society at large negatively, with innocent people losing their retirement reserves and/or savings, and employees losing t heir jobs. Behaving ethically is clearly key to the long-term sustainability of any business. Focusing on the social and environmental as well as the economic impact of a company provides the basis for sound stakeholder relationships that can sustain a business into the future.

The poem The Echoing Green is written by William Blake Essay Example For Students

The poem The Echoing Green is written by William Blake Essay The poem The Echoing Green is written by William Blake. It is taken from SONGS OF INNOCENCE. It is divine voice of childhood unchallenged by the test and doubts of later years. Blake expresses in simple and lovely diction the happiness and innocence of a childs first thoughts about. This is a pictorial poem. The Echoing Green is a poem about a grassy field on a warm morning in late spring. The poet gives a very beautiful description of a dawn and morning of spring. The spring represents the life. Morning is the beginning of life and the dark evening is the end. We will write a custom essay on The poem The Echoing Green is written by William Blake specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This poem is a blend of child like innocence and grayness of later years. It is symbolic and draws a contrast between youth and old age. Blake has expressed broad meaning of the playground. The children are carefree and they are not surrounded by any kind of worries because worries are associated with old age and pleasures with childhood. The children are busy in games. They are showing vibrant attitude and display high energy in their games. They are laughing and thoroughly enjoying themselves. Their voices echo in the field. They travel on the wings of leisurely fancy and float far into the realm of calm and sweet childhood joy; unaware of the pains and cutting realization they are going to encounter as the years fall in on them. The nature also seems to join in with their joy as the sun shines with sheer brilliance over the playing children. The azure sky also seems to be smiling at the joy of these innocent children. The whole atmosphere further seems drunk with high-spirited fervor; the church bells add their sonorous chimes to this festive atmosphere. The poet symbolizes the innocence and delicacy of children with the birds. The birds are happy and they sing their heart out. The mellifluous chirping and singing of these feathered friends represents the joys and blessings of our lives. The beautiful songbirds like the delicate thrush and the sweet sounding skylark create a marvelous fusion of their cute chirping with the sonorous bell chimes. From this point the poem shows a subtle recession in the mood as the focus eases on to the old people sitting under the oak tree and draw a strange sort of pleasure from the games and the frivolous activities of the children. The old oak tree also symbolizes a rather enigmatic entity of existence- time. The old oak tree represents the all-pervasive time that draws a calming balance between the contrasting old age and the joyous childhood. The old people sitting under the cool shades of the old oak tree show a rather reflective attitude as they brood over the time of their own childhood. For some time they forget their own worries and pains which they have realized with the passage of time. This shows that the children are a blessing and they have the ability to make ones life happy. The old people enjoy the childrens sports. The old folks are also laughing at the simplicity and innocence of the children. The children are ignorant about the hardships and the difficulties in the life ahead. The older generation has gone through the ups and downs of life and can actually understand the sweetness of the time of childhood, as that is a time that they have lost. In fact they are ready for their eternal rest in the womb of Mother Nature. Thus the old people are absorbed in the games of the children and recall their own childhood and youth à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the golden period of life. .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e , .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e .postImageUrl , .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e , .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e:hover , .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e:visited , .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e:active { border:0!important; } .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e:active , .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc258e313e17268b7dd52c00bf721715e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Two Poets Present Their Memories EssayAs W B Yeats said, The days of the youth are the days of our glory. But this joy of the old people is mixed with a subtle somberness as they realize the sad fact that after all these children will also be swept with the current of time and then one day they will take their place under the shade of the oak tree, and a new generation will take their place. And so the rise and fall will go on and on. The poet here is underlining a very resonant fact of life i. e. the inevitability of death. The last stanza is laden with a rather pathetic mood. It indicates the end of life. The children are tired and they have stopped playing. This is a sign of old age- the tiring of the children symbolizes the old age, when man becomes old and heads towards his eventual demise. Moreover a sad mood prevails over him as he realizes the approaching death. So the harbinger of death is symbolized by the evening as the evening shadows creep on the green announcing the arrival of night-death. The green takes on an unpleasant and sordid look. The game ends! So does the life. The children return to their homes to rest. The home symbolizes the grave and the rest is the eternal rest. Thus the poem is a splendid pen picture of joys of child hood and their eventual fading away into eternity. Blake has further laid stress on the potent entity called change. The poet has through useful symbol of oak tree, old people, evening etc has discussed the mechanics, which act as a fulcrum in moving the paddles of life. The poet has showed superb mastery as he changes the mood of the poem along with the progression of the poem. The poem is in fact a very fine presentation of the philosophy of life resting on the hinges of the magnificent time. And sport no more seen On the darkening green.

Stimulii for Choreography Essays - Phobias, Free Essays

Ideas/Stimulii for Choreography Essays - Phobias, Free Essays Ideas/Stimulii for Choreography African Dance Anorexia/Size zero models/catwalking Betrayal Body Systems Childhood Circus Claustrophobia Confusion Cycle of Life Discrimination/Alienation Do relationships change with time? Environment/Eco-systems/Rainforests Epicentre Everyday Routine/Monotony Fireworks/Sparklers Flamenco/Spanish/Bull Fight Games as a stimulus noughts and crosses, chess, etc Guardian Angels Heaven and Hell Hindu God Ganesh/Indian Hand Gestures Influences on a Teenage Mind/Feeling pulled in different directions Insomnia Isolation/Rejection Journey through Life Machines Magnetism Memoirs of a Geisha Metamorphosis transformation Midnight Horror/Nightmares Mood Swings Mother and Daughter Relationship Night and Day Not seen the same as everyone else/Trying to fit in Opposites/Love and Hate Parallel Lives Racism Religious themes Romeo and Juliet Sacrifice Schizophrenia/Split personality Self-conscious Seven Deadly Sins Shopping Social Anxiety Disorder, shyness, isolation Star signs Gemini The City The Sea/Ocean/Lost at Sea Toys/Dolls coming to life Trapped Twos Company, Threes a Crowd War/Army/Military Weather, Storms, Natural Disasters Paintings, postcards, sculptures, newspaper articles, diary entries, poems, movements, textures, films, nursery rhymes, myths and legends, fairy tales, music, everyday sounds, etc.

How gender Expectations Affect Both Paid and Unpaid Providers of Essay

How gender Expectations Affect Both Paid and Unpaid Providers of Health Care - Essay Example Women care takers have overwhelmed the nursing realm and has taken a dominant role within medicine. The concept of women as workers is a relatively new phenomenon in the last century or so. Since the beginning of time, it was deemed that women should stay home and be "child bearers." Because of the fiscal pressures of the century, women are now encouraged, and some times coerced, to join the work force. Because it out the ethical norm, sex discrimination has surfaced to protest such radical changes. Discrimination has manifested in the form of gender wages, uncooperation from opposite sex counterparts, overlooked for job positions, and so forth. Women are seen inferior to the male dominated workforce. "This invisibility persists at all levels, from the family to the nation. Though they share the same space, women and men live in different worlds." Albeit these discriminations and persecutions have arisen, fierce political measures have been taken by western governments to mitigate such abuses and maltreatment. As far as women as nursing or physicians, particular in Canada, women are still subject to types of discrimination. Men are perceived physically and emotionally stronger to take on duress of any type in contrast to women.

Argumentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Argumentation - Essay Example While many experts decry the negative effects of global warming, it is in fact turning out that global warming is a good phenomenon going by its numerous positive benefits. Scientists note that the earth’s temperature is rising undoubtedly as a result of the greenhouse effect. The atmosphere is saturated with carbon dioxide that traps heat leading to a steady increase in the earth’s temperature and consequently, changes in climate. This carbon dioxide does not come from outer space but from burnt fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal. The other factor contributing to global warming and climate change is the rate at which forests are lost, especially within the tropics as a result of deforestation. Scientists are overwhelmingly in agreement that global warming is a reality and that human activities are its main causes. (Union of Concerned Scientist par 6-7). According to scientists, each year, for the past 37 years, has been warmer than the average temperature of all the years in the 20th century. In the United States, the 12 warmest years have occurred since 1998 with 2012 standing out as the hottest years. Since the late 1800s there has been an increase of more than one degree Fahrenheit on the average surface temperature of the earth. The past three decades have experienced the lion’s share of this increase (Union of Concerned Scientist par 4-6). The current decade has been the warmest since 1880. Scientists note that the earth could experience a 7.2 degree Fahrenheit increase in temperature in the 21 century if nothing is done to curb global warming. This would be the case if emissions from fossil fuels such as oil and coal, which are the main culprits, not reduced. Scientists are worried that a number of negative consequences in relation to global warming are quite evident (Natural Resource Defence Council par1). For one, weather

Disability Assignment Essay Example for Free

Disability Assignment Essay Ageism has been addressed and there have been many solutions made to help stop it. The ADA was established to stop the discrimination of the disabled, which many elderly people are. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) was established to protect workers 40 years of age or older from being fired because of their age and replaced with younger workers who presumably would receive lower salaries. None of these have been a miracle, but they have slowed down the discrimination of the elderly. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Meachan v. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory stating that employers under ADEA had to prove that laying off older workers wasn’t based on age but â€Å"some reasonable factor† (Schaefer, 2012). Is the number of aging population expected to rise in numbers or decrease? The number of the aging population is expected to rise in numbers. According to  The Demographics Of Aging  (2009), today, one out of every 9 Americans is old—another former youth turns 50 every 8 seconds. Those age 65 and older now exceed 35 million, a number poised to explode. The upcoming aging population will be different from those of past decades. They will live longer, maintain better  health  and have more active life styles than previous generations. With the increase in the elderly population comes the need for more Social Security, disability and medical care. This could affect the economy in a negative way. †¢ What types of legislation may or may not be affected by the aging population? I think Bills will be affected by the aging population because they will need to be enforced more. There are many Bills and laws that have been passed for the equal rights and fair treatment of the elderly. There are many private and public bills that I am sure will be enforced more with the increase in the elderly population. With the rise of the elderly, there will be a rise in voting also. More elderly people vote during an election year than any other age group. These are the only two ways that I can think of that would be affected by the ageing population. How does poverty affect the ageing population? Many elderly people live right at the poverty level because of all the expenses they have. Prescriptions, doctor’s appointments, housing, etc. are all expenses that elderly people have to pay for every month. Most elderly people have insuran ce, such as Medicare, but this doesn’t always pay for all the medical expenses they incur. Poverty can affect the ageing population in negative ways. They can become stressed that they might not be able to pay all their bills, which can lead to health issues. If Social Security benefits did not exist, an estimated 44%  of the elderly would be poor today, assuming no changes in behavior (Cawthorne,  2008). There are many in the ageing population who are still working today because they don’t have the means to retire. With the downfall of the economy, many have to come out of retirement and become employed again because their government benefits aren’t enough. Part III †¢ How have people with disabilities been treated in the past? The disabled population has been treated very unfairly in the past. They are discriminated against and are shown prejudice because of their state. Many were denied employment because of their disabilities and public venues didn’t have the proper means to accommodate a disabled person. Some disabled individuals were treated like they had a disease. They were given dirty looks or were stared at like they were a zoo animal. The disabled were left in institutions or homes to live out the rest of their lives because no one wanted to â€Å"deal† with them. They weren’t given the same treatment as the non-disabled. There were also cases of parents of a disabled child being told they were better off â€Å"putting them out of their misery† because there weren’t very many resources available. All of this treatment led to the passing of laws and the creation of many organizations to help the disabled receive fair treatment. †¢ How has the attitude toward people with disabilities changed over time? The attitude toward and treatment of people with disabilities has changed drastically over time. Since the introduction of the ADA, which is the Americans with Disabilities Act, the disabled have been receiving equal rights and have been able to fight against discrimination. Almost every public venue has the means to accommodate the disabled, such as a wheelchair ramp or automatic opening doors. There are events now made specifically for the disabled so they can still be a part of their community, like the Special Olympics and charity events. My nephew has Down Syndrome and they have a special baseball league every summer that he participates in called the â€Å"Miracle League†. People are embraced more for their disabilities instead of being shunned. There is much more technology available in order to keep the disabled active and social. Also, with the passing of the ADA, there are more disabled individuals gaining employment. Granted, the jobs they acquire aren’t top level executives, but they do provide them with a sense of security and pride. †¢ What are some unique circumstances or issues encountered by people with disabilities? There are quite a few unique circumstances or issues that I can think of encountered by people with disabilities. If the disabled individual is in a wheelchair, they have many obstacles they have to overcome. They are the first to board an airplane since they take the longest to get on the plane. When they go through metal detectors, they have to be wanded afterwards because they go off every time. Disabled individuals with any kind of physical disability have a harder time moving around places and enjoying the same recreational activities as a person without a physical disability. Individuals who are blind have braile on signs and also can’t enjoy the same activities that the seeing population can. Disabilities to me are a unique circumstance in itself that other individuals have to be kind and respectful about. †¢ What is being done to address those issues? The ADA has been passed which prevents the discrimination of the disabled. They cannot be discriminated in the workforce, restaurants, transportation, etc. There have been many disabled individuals who have fought with the basis of the ADA behind them. There are resources that can be used by the disabled in order to make their lives easier, such as wheelchair ramps. These things make the lives of the disabled much easier. There is also Social Security Disability available for those who cannot work and need the income to live. †¢ What types of legislation have been introduced to address issues faced by people with disabilities? There are many types of legislation that have been introduced to help the disabled. The ADA, which I have already discussed in previous answers, protects the disabled from prejudice and discrimination. The Developmental Disabilities Assistance Bill of Rights Act (DD Act) ensures that individuals with developmental disabilities and their families have access to community-based services and supports to promote opportunities for independence, productivity and inclusion. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. The Rehabilitation Act (Rehab Act) authorizes the formula grant programs of vocational rehabilitation, supported employment, independent living, and client assistance. It also authorizes a variety of training and service discretionary grants administered by the Rehabilitation Services Administration.

El Problem de la Comunicacion y Sus Relaciones con el Lenguaje :: Spanish Essays

El Problem de la Comunicacion y Sus Relaciones con el Lenguaje "La palabra—el habla—es la casa del ser. En su morada habita el hombre. Los pensantes y los poetas son los vigilantes de esta morada".—"Carta sobre el humanismo" M. Heidegger (1) "Las palabras son de todos" Eugenio Montale (2) RESUMEN: Advià ©rtase que no es caprichosa la eleccià ³n de los acà ¡pites que guiarà ¡n el presente trabajo. Ambos, expresan un sentido de verdad respecto de sus propias disciplinas: la filosofà ­a y la poesà ­a, materias singularmente destacadas por M. Heidegger en cuanto a la custodia del instrumento mà ¡s valioso en poder el hombre. Instrumento, herramienta, morada, condensados en la palabra humana que, a su vez, es propiedad de todos segà ºn Montale. La brevedad de las pà ¡ginas que seguirà ¡n intentarà ¡n enforcar los problemas de la comunicacià ³n desde el lenguaje, la filosofà ­a y la literatura, no sà ³lo como hilo conductor para desarrollar el tema, sino como tributo que se rinde a quienes pasaron su vida inmersos en tales problemas, dedicados a resolverlos y a ahorrar al resto de la humanidad las consecuencias à ­ntimas y externas de ese debatirse. Paul Valery nos advirtià ³ que dos abismos no cesan de amenazar al hombre: el orden y el desorden. En la prolongada lucha por alcanzar un digno medio entre ambas catà ¡strofes, la comunicacià ³n—como vehà ­culo universal de intercambio entre los habitantes de nuestro planeta— juega un papel de fundamental importancia: la de poner la casa en orden, por lo menos relativo, para que esa morada sea habitada, Vivida, con decoro. Lamentablemente, prolongados perà ­odos histà ³ricos, se caracterizan por ignorar la sabia advertencia de Heidegger en cuanto a los custodios del habla (poetas y pensadores) quienes no sà ³lo son ignorados sino sencilla y fatalmente barridos de la faz de la tierra o silenciados de modo drà ¡stico para que la comunicacià ³n humana no adquiera sino una babà ©lica confusià ³n proclive a envolver en ella a los hombres y sus conductas. Ordenar la morada heideggeriana sin descuidar su calidez, sin abandonar una à ©tica que partiendo de la palabra misma se continà ºe en los actos, implica un ciclà ³peo trabajo que deberà ¡ asumirse hasta el fin de los tiempos, pues el hombre finito aspira a la infinitud de cierta perfeccià ³n diacrà ³nica. Si el hombre mora en el habla y las palabras son de todos, ello requerirà ¡ no una seleccià ³n, no una plà ©yade de pensadores y poetas, sino toda una humanidad capaz de superar sus propios peligros y de comunicarse en cà ³digos limpios y fà ¡cilmente interpretables.

Managing Time Essay

In today’s society, many people are finding it difficult to find time for their family when they are so caught up at work. At times, it could also be that people are with their family more often that their work starts to slack off. In the story, â€Å"Contents of the Dead Man’s Pocket† by Jack Finney, Tom has it difficult spending time with his wife, because he is caught up in his work. The theme of this story is time management between work and family can be complicated. A similar theme is shown in the short stories, â€Å"Double Daddy† by Penny Parker and â€Å"Diary of a Mad Blender† by Sue Shellenbarger. First of all, the theme of â€Å"Contents of the Dead Man’s Pocket† is demonstrated throughout the story. When Tom decides to stay home, his wife, Clare, tells him, â€Å"You work too much—though, Tom—and too hard. † This shows that Tom has chosen his work over his wife. Later in the story, Tom realizes that his time may be short when he, â€Å"Wished, then, that he had not allowed his wife to go off by herself tonight—and on similar nights. † Tom realized that managing his time with his wife is more important than his work, which reveals the theme of the story. Secondly, in â€Å"Double Daddy† by Penny Parker, a similar theme is shown throughout the article. The author explains, â€Å"More is Expected of father at home these days†¦but the demands of the workplace, is anything, increased in the recent years. This comes to show that father are needed both at work and at home. Linda Dunlap, chair women of the psychology department at Marist College in Poughkeepsie, New York, states that men say, â€Å"I’m working my tail off to get ahead†¦but I’m now spending time with my family. † So in recent years, fathers have realized that time management with their family is important, even though they must work to keep their family stable, which shows how complicated managing time between work and family time can be. In addition, Sue Shellenbarger, author of, â€Å"Diary of a Mad Blender,† writes about a similar theme in her article. Today, even if parents try to stay home with their kids and try to work at the same time can be challenging. As the author states, â€Å"I work from home, but there’s certainly more I could do to integrate my work and my personal life. † So, trying to balance this is a difficult task. Even though managing work and family time is tough, Shellenbarger says, â€Å"My brain just needs a little cross-training,† but she is still finding it tough to manage the time between her family work, which relates to the theme of the story. Finally, managing the time between work and family can be a difficult task for anyone, as explained in, â€Å"Contents of the Dead Man’s Pocket† by Jack Finney. Also the demands of the workplace can be a struggle which was shown in â€Å"Double Daddy† by Penny Parker. Last, how it can difficult to bring work home, while trying to spend time with family, like the example in â€Å"Diary of a Mad Blender† by Sur Shellenbarger. The theme of this all is managing time between work and family can be difficult.

Speech Act Theory Definition and Examples

Speech act theory is a subfield of pragmatics that studies how words are used not only to present information but also to carry out actions. The speech act theory was introduced by Oxford philosopher J.L. Austin in How to Do Things With Words and further developed by American philosopher J.R. Searle. It  considers the degree to which utterances  are said to perform locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and/or perlocutionary acts. Many philosophers and linguists study speech act theory as a way to better understand human communication. Part of the joy of doing speech act theory, from my strictly first-person point of view, is becoming more and more remindful of how many surprisingly different things we do when we talk to each other, (Kemmerling 2002). Searles Five Illocutionary Points Philosopher J.R. Searle is responsible for devising a system of speech act categorization. In the past three decades, speech act theory has become an important branch of the contemporary theory of language thanks mainly to the influence of [J.R.] Searle (1969, 1979) and [H.P.] Grice (1975) whose ideas on meaning and communication have stimulated research in philosophy and in human and cognitive sciences... From Searles view, there are only five illocutionary points that speakers can achieve on propositions in an utterance, namely: the assertive, commissive, directive, declaratory and expressive illocutionary points. Speakers achieve the assertive point when they represent how things are in the world, the commissive point when they commit themselves to doing something, the directive point when they make an attempt to get hearers to do something, the declaratory point when they do things in the world at the moment of the utterance solely by virtue of saying that they do and the expressive point when they express their attitudes about objects and facts of the world (Vanderkeven and Kubo 2002). Speech Act Theory and Literary Criticism Since 1970 speech act theory has influenced...the practice of literary criticism. When applied to the analysis of direct discourse by a character within a literary work, it provides a systematic...framework for identifying the unspoken presuppositions, implications, and effects of speech acts [that] competent readers and critics have always taken into account, subtly though unsystematically. Speech act theory has also been used in a more radical way, however, as a model on which to recast the theory of literature...and especially...prose narratives. What the author of a fictional work—or else what the authors invented narrator—narrates is held to constitute a pretended set of assertions, which are intended by the author, and understood by the competent reader, to be free from a speakers ordinary commitment to the truth of what he or she asserts. Within the frame of the fictional world that the narrative thus sets up, however, the utterances of the fictional characters—whether these are assertions or promises or marital vows—are held to be responsible to ordinary illocutionary commitments, (Abrams and Galt Harpham 2005). Criticisms of Speech Act Theory Although Searles theory of speech acts has had a tremendous influence on functional aspects of pragmatics, it has also received very strong criticism. The Function of Sentences Some argue that Austin and Searle based their work principally on their intuitions, focusing exclusively on sentences isolated from the context where they might be used. In this sense, one of the main contradictions to Searles suggested typology is the fact that the illocutionary force of a concrete speech act cannot take the form of a sentence as Searle considered it. Rather, researchers suggest that a sentence is a grammatical unit within the formal system of language, whereas the speech act involves a communicative function separate from this, (Martà ­nez Flor and Usà ³-Juan 2010). Interactional Aspects of Conversation In speech act theory, the hearer is seen as playing a passive role. The illocutionary force of a particular utterance is determined with regard to the linguistic form of the utterance and also introspection as to whether the necessary felicity conditions—not least in relation to the speakers beliefs and feelings—are fulfilled. Interactional aspects are, thus, neglected. However, [a] conversation is not just a mere chain of independent illocutionary forces—rather, speech acts are related to other speech acts with a wider discourse context. Speech act theory, in that it does not consider the function played by utterances in driving conversation is, therefore, insufficient in accounting for what actually happens in conversation, (Barron 2003). Sources Abrams, Meyer Howard, and Geoffrey Galt Harpham.  A Glossary of Literary Terms. 8th ed., Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2005.Austin, J.l. â€Å"How To Do Things With Words.† 1975.Barron, Anne.  Acquisition in Interlanguage Pragmatics Learning How to Do Things with Words in a Study Abroad Context. J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 2003.Flor Alicia Martà ­nez, and Juan Esther Usà ³.  Speech Act Performance: Theoretical, Empirical and Methodological Issues. Vol. 26, John Benjamins Pub. Company, 2010.Kemmerling, Andreas. â€Å"Speech Acts, Minds, and Social Reality: Discussions with John r. Searle. Expressing an Intentional State.†Ã‚  Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, vol. 79, 2002, pp. 83.  Kluwer Academic Publishers.Vanderveken, Daniel, and Susumu Kubo. â€Å"Introduction.†Ã‚  Essays in Speech Act Theory, John Benjamins, 2001, pp. 1–21.